1.Colorectal Transit Study Three days before colorectal transit study, the patient was forbidden to take laxatives and other medicines which may  influence the function of bowel movement. The patient swallowed 2 capsules containing 20 small markers daily, which were visible under X-ray. The bowel files were taken every 24 hours to record the movement of the markers. The normal defecated 80% markers in 72 hours. 2.Defecography (1)Bowel preparation: bowel cleansing. Two and three hours before defecography, the patient was filled the small intestine with barium. (2)Contrast medium: Thick barium paste and carboxymethylcellulose sodium mixture or barium sulfate starch mixture. (3)Methods: Filled the bowel to descending colon and smeared anal canal with 300-400 ml contrast medium; marked anus. Filmed the patient seated on commode when he was resting, raising, squeezing during straining, and recorded the membrane and righting membrane when squeezing in the lateral position. The lateral films should show the sacrococcygeal bone, symphysis pubic and anus. (4)Measurements: Anorectal angle was angel-posterior. The pubococcygeal line was the base line for measurement of the distance between the tip of anal canal and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis, the distance between sigmoid colon and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis, and the distance between the small intestine to the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis. When the distance above the pubococcygeal line, a positive measurement was recorded, while if the distance was below the line a negative measurement was recorded. The perpendicular distance  measured from the second, the  third and the fourth sacral vertebra, the distance between the sacrum to the apex of coccyx and apex of coccyx to the posterior rectum,which the five distances were the distance between the sacrum and rectum. (5)Diagnosis criteria: Normal: <1> The anorectal angle was increase at rest, ≥ 90°; the minimus when raising. <2> When squeezing the distance between the tip of anal canal and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis was longer than that of at rest, but the distance between the tip of anal canal and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis must ≤ 30mm ( multipara ＜ 35mm ). <3> The distance between sigmoid and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis, and the distance between the small intestine to the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis were negative records. <4> The distance between sacrum and rectum was ≤ 10mm or 20mm or so, furthermore the distance between the sacrum and rectum should be well distributed. <5> The barium paste was discharged smoothly. Abnormal:  <1> Rectocele: The end of the ampulla of rectum gone forward likes a bag, depth was ≥ 6mm, the mild one was 6.15mm; the moderate was 16.33mm; the severe one was ＞ 31mm; and the length should be measured at the same time. <2> Perineal descent: The distance between the tip of anal canal and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis must ≥ 31mm ( multipara ＞ 36mm ). <3> Intussusception of rectum or rectal prolapse: it was abnormal that the depth of intussusception was ≥3mm, the mild one was 3.15mm; the moderate was 16.30mm; the severe one was ＞ 31mm or many intussusceptions or the thickness was ≥ 5mm. The depth, thickness, distance from the intussusception to anus, and the whole length of the bowel of the intussusception should be measured. <4> Spastic pelvic floor syndrome: the anorectal angle was ≤ 90° when squeezing; or has little change when resting, raising and squeezing, furthermore there was incision of puborectalis. The measurement of the incision includes the thickness and the depth.  <5> Thickening of puborectalis: there was no or little discharge of the barium paste, and the sacrum and the rectum formed like a “platform”, which should measure the length of the “platform” and  the anal canal of that. <6> Sacrum and rectum isolation: the distance of sacrum and rectum of the third sacral vertebra was ≥ 20mm, and the upper part of the rectum, the sigmoid colon displaced forward and downward. The righting films of rectum can show the distortion of the rectum. <7> Splanchnoptosis: the distance between sigmoid colon and the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis, and the distance between the small intestine to the most anterior point of the symphysis pubis were all positive records. <8> the small intestine and/or sigmoid colon hernia inserted posterior vagina of female or rectovesical pouch of male which compressed the anterior wall of the rectum. In addition, the distance from the bottom of the position where the small intestine and/or sigmoid colon displaced downward and compressed the rectum to the anus, was ＜ 80mm for the mild one, between the pubococcygeal line and ischiococcygeal line for the moderate one,  below the ischiococcygeal line for the severe one. <9> It was important to have complete records and give a concrete diagnosis if the patient had other abnormalities. (6)Synchronal Peritoneography and Defecography: it should be taken the synchronal peritoneography and defecography to any one who was needed to identify the prolapse of rectal mucosa and complete prolapse of rectum and who was doubted had intestinal hernia, pelvic floor hernia, space pelvic floor and perineal distented pain, and especially for the man who had taken the pelvic floor reconstruction because of the hysterectomy or other reasons.  3.Anorectal Manometry:  Left lateral position, and did not take digital rectal exam before the anorectal manometry. First, put the balloon or probe into anal canal to measure the resting pressure and the maximum stricture pressure of anal canal; then introduced the balloon into the ampulla of rectum to measure the resting pressure of the rectum; and connected the  catheter to the pull-through device to measure the functional length of sphincter. Connected the dual-bag catheter; put the big bag to the ampulla of rectum, the small one or the probe to the anal canal; and filled 50-100 ml air into the big bag in a short period of time. The pressure of the anal canal should be decreased in 30 seconds in normal men, which called anal canal and rectum male inhibited reflex. 4.The Test of Sensory Function of Rectum and Compliance: Put the catheter of the balloon into the ampulla of rectum and filled 10 ml air per 30 seconds. Did not record the gas volume until the patient felt distented of the rectum, measured the internal pressure of the rectum at the same time. And the gas volume was named feeling liminal value of rectum. After that filled 50 ml air per 30 seconds, and the gas volume was the liminal value of the defecation when the patient wanted to defecate. When the patient can't stand the feeling of distention or defecation， the gas volume filled into the patient was the maximum tolerable volume, and measured the internal pressure of the rectum. The change of the volume (V) was the volume which the the maximum tolerable volume subtracted the feeling liminal value of rectum; the change of the pressure (P) was the remaining pressure which the pressure of the maximum tolerable volume subtracted the pressure of the liminal value of rectum; V/P was the compliance of the rectum. 5.Balloon Expulsion Test:  Put the balloon into the ampulla of the rectum and filled the 50 ml warm water. Let the patient defecate the balloon as usual position. The normal one should defecate it in 5 minutes. 6.Anal Electromyography:  Punctured the needle electrode into puborectalis and superficial (deep) layer of external anal sphincter respectively. Recorded the electromyographic movements when the patient resting, straining, squeezing and defecating; and then analyzed the changes of wave form, amplitude of wave and frequency of waves. 7.Others: There were some others examinations, such as transit test of small intestine, transit radiating image of colon, excited test of sigmoid colon and colonic electromyography.